Soil Contamination with Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Its Environmental Impact
Section: Articles Keywords: Soil contamination, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, environmental remediation, bioremediation, pollution control Soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons presents a serious environmental challenge, particularly in Uzbekistan’s industrial regions. This study investigates contamination levels in agricultural soils surrounding oil storage facilities and extraction sites, focusing on their chemical composition, heavy metal accumulation, and ecological impact. Chromatographic analysis identified hydrocarbons such as pentane (20.9%), 2-hexene (22.9%), and heptane (10.27%) at depths of up to 42 cm in the soil. Arsenic levels were detected at 17.5 times the permissible limit near oil storage facilities, further increasing environmental risks. Biodiversity loss was observed, particularly affecting species such as Artemisia scoparia and Ferula kuhistanica. The findings underscore the need for integrated remediation strategies, including bioremediation and policy regulations, to mitigate long-term environmental damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zafarjon Jabbarov, Urol Nomozov, Feruza Reymova, Nurmukhammad Zafarjonov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Different Irrigation Regimes on the Yield of Winter Wheat and Leguminous Crops and on Soil Condition in the Bukhara Region
Section: Articles Keywords: Irrigation regimes, winter wheat, leguminous crops, crop rotation, yield, water use efficiency, soil agrophysical condition, reclamation (meliorative) condition This article examines the impact of different irrigation regimes on the yield of winter wheat and leguminous crops, as well as on the agrophysical and reclamation (meliorative) condition of soils under irrigated farming conditions of the Bukhara region. The research was conducted through field and laboratory experiments, in which crop productivity and soil parameters were evaluated under low, moderate, and optimal irrigation regimes. The results obtained indicate that an increase in irrigation rate led to a consistent rise in winter wheat grain yield. The inclusion of leguminous crops in crop rotation significantly increased yields under all irrigation regimes and contributed to improving the soil nutrient regime and physical condition. Under optimal irrigation conditions, soil moisture retention capacity increased, while bulk density and the content of soluble salts decreased. The findings demonstrate that the integrated application of appropriate irrigation regimes and crop rotation in the cultivation of winter wheat and leguminous crops is a scientifically grounded solution for achieving high agronomic efficiency, rational use of water resources, and preservation of soil fertility. These conclusions are of practical importance for the development of sustainable and resource-efficient agricultural systems in the Bukhara region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia Kamennyh, Nodira Hakimova, Mamura Khalilova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
General Physical Properties of Gyptic Irrigated Soils Formed in Various Regions
Section: Articles Keywords: irrigated meadow–bog soils, meadow–sierozem soils, typical sierozems, particle density, bulk density, total porosity, degree of gypsification The article presents the general physical properties of irrigated meadow-swamp soils, meadow–sierozem soils, and typical sierozems widely distributed in the Central Fergana area of the Fergana region, the Mirzaobod district of the Syrdarya region, and the Jomboy district of the Samarkand region. The study also outlines the variations in bulk density and total porosity depending on the degree of soil gypsification, as well as their spatial differences across the regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nodirjon Abdurakhmonov, Ulmasboy Sobitov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Soil Salinization and Groundwater Levelson Vegetation Cover in Irrigated Agroecosystems: An Analysis Based on GIS and Vegetation Indices
Section: Articles Keywords: soil salinization, groundwater level, vegetation cover, GIS, vegetation indices, Syrdarya region This study is devoted to analyzing the impact of soil salinization and groundwater levels on vegetation cover in irrigated agroecosystems using GIS technologies and vegetation indices. The research employed multispectral satellite imagery from Landsat 8–9 and Sentinel-2, data on soil salinity and groundwater levels, as well as the NDVI and SAVI vegetation indices. Spatial analysis was conducted in a GIS environment using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods, Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index, spatio-temporal regression, and time-lag techniques. The results showed that areas with high groundwater levels tend to exhibit increased soil salinity, which in turn leads to a deterioration of vegetation cover. It was also determined that changes in groundwater levels affect soil salinity and vegetation indicators with an average delay of approximately 3–4 months. Spatio-temporal monitoring based on GIS and vegetation indices serves as an important analytical tool for the scientific planning of land reclamation measures in irrigated agroecosystems, promoting the rational use of resources and ensuring the sustainability of agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mamur Akhunboboyev, Ikhtiyor Zikirov, Aziz Kenjayev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biogeochemistry of Sandy Desert Soils in the Bukhara Oasis and the Sparse-Leaved Yantok (Alhagi sparsifolia) Plant (A Case Study of Shofirkon District)
Section: Articles Keywords: macroelements, bioaccumulation, sandy desert soils, biogeochemical processes, element migration, bioindicator plants This study investigated the distribution characteristics of macroelements (Na, K, Ca) in the stem, leaves, and seeds of the sparse-leaved yantok (Alhagi sparsifolia) plant growing in sandy desert soils. The research findings revealed the selective accumulation of elements within plant tissues and identified potassium as the dominant element accumulated across all organs. In particular, the high concentration of potassium in generative organs is explained by the plant’s metabolic activity and reproductive stability. The predominant accumulation of sodium in the leaves indicates the presence of an adaptive mechanism that maintains osmotic balance through the deposition of ions in vegetative tissues. The relatively low calcium content is associated with its limited bioavailability in sandy soils. The bioaccumulation of the studied elements followed the sequence K > Na > Ca, reflecting the selective mineral nutrition strategy of the sparse-leaved yantok adapted to arid environments. The obtained results suggest that this plant can serve as an important bioindicator for assessing macroelement migration in desert ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of biogeochemical processes within the soil–plant system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nodira Hakimova, Shafoat Abdualiyeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geochemical and Agroecological Problems of Irrigated Soils in Central Fergana
Section: Articles Keywords: barrier, arzik–shoxli, migration, accumulation, pedolith, ecological The article analyzes the biogeochemical problems of irrigated soils with varying degrees of salinity. In particular, it provides a comprehensive discussion of the composition, structure, and geochemical characteristics of biogeochemical barriers formed as a result of the development of arzik–shoxli and shox–arzikli horizons in irrigated meadow–saline soils of the Central Fergana region. In addition, within the group of radial barriers, two-sided (bipolar) barriers are distinguished, and the geochemical as well as physicochemical differences between their upper and lower parts are scientifically characterized. The research findings indicate that the processes and properties occurring in the upper part of the horizon differ significantly from those observed in its lower part, confirming the complex nature of matter and element migration within the soil profile.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anvarjon Esanov, Sagadat Turebaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Distribution and Interrelationship of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Irrigated Soils
Section: Articles Keywords: meadow saz soils, light gray soil (calcisols), heavy metals, metalloids, migration, accumulation, spectrum The article studies the content of heavy metals and metalloids in irrigated meadow saz soils and light gray soils (calcisols), their distribution dynamics and interrelationships. In the work, the migration and accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in the genetic layers of meadow saz soils and light gray soils with different levels of irrigation were determined, and background values ​​were developed. At the same time, the migration dynamics of heavy metals and metalloids in soil layers and the relationships between chemical elements were revealed through geochemical spectra.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avazbek T.Turdaliev, Avazbek A. Ahmadjonov, Kamoliddin A. Askarov, Iskandar I. Musaev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Elemental Composition of the Astragalus Ferganensis Plant Growing in the Fergana Valley
Section: Articles Keywords: Astragalus ferganensis, macro element, microelement, ICP-OES method The elemental composition of the root and aboveground parts of the plant Astragalus ferganensis growing in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan was studied using the ICP-OES method. The 30 identified elements were analyzed by classifying them into groups of macro-, micro-, essential, and heavy metals. Among the elements detected in the plant organs, the amounts of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P were relatively high (over 1000 mg/kg), Fe, Si, S were high (50-1000 mg/kg), Mn, Zn, B, Cu were moderate (10-100 mg/kg), Cr, V, Li were low (1-10 mg/kg), Ba, Ni, Pb, Se, As, Co were very low (1-5 mg/kg), while Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Sb were not detected. In the underground and aboveground parts of the plants, the predominance of macroelements Ca, K, Mg and microelements Fe, Si was determined.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umarali U. Boltaboev, Dostonbek R. Tojiboev, Vahobjon U. Khujaev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamics of the Biogeochemical Properties of Biomicroelements in Irrigated Soils and in Punica Granatum L. (Pomegranate) Plants
Section: Articles Keywords: irrigated soil, biomicroelement, biological absorption coefficient, migration, pomegranate This article analyzes the content of biomicroelements in the leaves, hornes, tree trunks and roots of pomegranate grown on irrigated soils of the Fergana Valley, their accumulation, and develops biological absorption coefficients. These studies will serve to more accurately plan agrotechnical measures on irrigated light calcisols and meadow sez soils, maintain soil fertility, and produce environmentally friendly agricultural products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avazbek T. Turdaliev, Gaybullo G. Mamajonov, Yokubjon H. Muhammadov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantitative and Qualitative Composition of Amino Acids in the Serozem Soils of North Fergana, Republic of Uzbekistan
Section: Articles Keywords: Dark calcisols, chernozem, bedrock, loess, neogene, oasis, soil fertility, irrigation, free amino acids, humus, landscape, group composition of humus The given data on the content of soil amino acids in soils and soil-forming rocks of serozems (calcisols) and chernozems shows that the relative accumulation or their increased formation varies depending on the type and subtype, the horizon of the soils and the soil-forming rocks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mavlonjon M. Khaydarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Concentration and Distribution of Macroelements in Irrigated Calcisols
Section: Articles Keywords: irrigated sierozem (calcisols), accumulation, migration, distribution, dynamics, geochemical spectrum This paper examines the abundance, migration dynamics, concentration, and distribution of macronutrients in the genetic horizons of irrigated light, typical, and dark sierozem soils in the Fergana Valley. Differences in the clarke concentration, clarke distribution, and radial migration coefficients of macroelements were identified across sierozem soil types. These geochemical properties were also described as geochemical spectra.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avazbek T. Turdaliyev, Mashkhura M. Khaydarova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on the Development of Winter Wheat in Meadow–Saz Soils
Section: Articles Keywords: winter wheat, bush number, development periods, rice straw, local fertilizer, mineral fertilizers The article presents the results of research on the effect of local and mineral fertilizer rates used with rice straw on the number and growth of winter wheat in the conditions of grassland soils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammadkarim Z. Mamadaliev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Section: Articles Keywords: Amino acids, soil fertility, humus, sierozem soils, irrigation, nitrogen compounds, soil biochemistry, Fergana Valley, soil organic matter, dehumification, soil energy potential The study investigates the composition, distribution, and functional role of amino acids in the soils of northern Fergana, focusing on virgin and irrigated sierozems. Using a combination of genetic–geographical, geochemical, and morphogenetic research methods, the study analyzes the humus condition, nutrient composition, and energy potential of soil organic matter. Results show that despite their relatively small proportion in total soil nitrogen, amino acids play a critical role in plant nutrition and soil fertility by acting as bioactive compounds that regulate physiological processes such as chlorophyll synthesis, osmotic regulation, and stress tolerance. The research reveals that irrigation significantly affects the qualitative and quantitative composition of soil amino acids, leading to decreased humus content and transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds. In both virgin and irrigated sierozems, 14–20 amino acids were identified, with variations across soil horizons. The findings emphasize the energetic and biochemical importance of amino acids in maintaining soil fertility and highlight the need for further research on soil dehumification and fertility restoration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mavlonjon M. Khaydarov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae: the Composition of Essential Oils and Bioavailability
Section: Articles Keywords: Mentha L, Origanum L, Ziziphora clinopodioides L. (sin. Ziziphora brevicalyx Juz), Ziziphora tenuior, Lavanda angustifolia, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli., Candida albicans This article provides information on the medical use of certain medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family, as well as on compounds found in essential oils derived from them. The study used natural and artificial methods of drying, extraction, chromatographic methods (TLC, CC), UV spectroscopy methods, and the samples obtained were tested for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to determine antimicrobial activity in vitro. Plants that have shown high activity are later used as raw materials for the production of antibiotics.
Ziziphora clinopodioides L. (sin. Ziziphora brevicalyx Juz)
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biogeochemistry of Plants Allium Karataviense Regel, Fritillaria Sewerzowii Regel in Mountain Brown Soils of Uzbekistan
Section: Articles Keywords: mountain brown, allium karataviense regel, fritillaria sewerzowii regel, trace elements, bioabsorption coefficient, correlation In the article, the amount of elements and biogeochemical properties of the surface layer of mountain brown soils formed at various levels and in the organs (root, leaf, bulb) of medicinal black onion (Allium karataviense Regel), Severtsov's onion (Fritillaria sewerzowii Regel) were studied. It has been proven that Sb, and Cs are less than lithospheric clay, and Sc, Cr, and Co, on the contrary, are more than lithospheric clay. A high accumulation of cyclic and scattered trace elements was observed in the root of black onion (Allium karataviense Regel). In mountain brown soils, the order of Anzur onion root and onion bulb absorption decreases in the form of Co>Sc>Cs>Sb>Cr. This indicator was Co>Cs>Sb>Sc>Cr in small numbers on the leaf. It was found that Z/1 - O/2 Sb-1.13-1.54, Cs-7.42-7.04 mg/kg in cross-sections of mountain brown soils is less than lithospheric soil. Microelements such as Sc, Cr, and Co, on the contrary, it was observed that the abundance of lithospheric clay is Cr-61.3-67.2, Co-15.0-15.6, Sc-11.4-12.8 mg/kg. The amounts of microelements in the organs of Allium karataviense Regel and Fritillaria sewerzowii Regel plants are Cr 2.31-9.9 mg/kg, Co-0.073-0.057 mg/kg, Sb-0.0090-0.089 mg/kg, Sc-0.035 -0.40 mg/kg, Cs-0.024-0.24 mg/kg. These elements are also included in the plow layers of mountain brown soils: Cr-61.3-67.2 mg/kg, Co-15.0-15.6 mg/kg, Sb-1.3-1.54 mg/kg, Sc-11.4-11.8 mg/kg, Cs-7.42-7.4 found to be in mg/kg amounts.
Climate Change and its Impact on Southern Fergana Landscapes
Section: Articles Keywords: climate change, Fergana Valley, agroclimatic trends, temperature anomalies, agricultural adaptation, water resources This study examines the impacts of climate change on the Southern Fergana landscapes, focusing on temperature trends, precipitation variability, and their implications for agricultural productivity in Uzbekistan. Utilizing meteorological data from the Kokand weather station (1930–2023), the research analyzes long-term shifts in seasonal temperatures, agroclimatic parameters, and extreme weather events. Key findings reveal a significant temperature increase, with winter temperatures rising by 0.8°C between 1960–1990 and summer anomalies becoming more frequent. Precipitation patterns show irregularity, with April experiencing excessive rainfall that disrupts crop sowing cycles. The study highlights the adverse effects of rising temperatures on staple crops such as cotton, wheat, and tomatoes, with yield reductions of 9–22% under prolonged heatwaves (>35°C). Conversely, elevated CO₂ concentrations and traditional practices like winter irrigation ("chilla suvi") demonstrate partial mitigation benefits, improving soil moisture and reducing pest infestations. Regional disparities are evident: northern areas with shallow groundwater face challenges in fruit cultivation, while southern regions adapt through diversified horticulture. Projections indicate worsening conditions by 2070–2100, with intensified water scarcity threatening irrigated lands. The findings underscore the urgency for adaptive strategies, including optimized irrigation scheduling, heat-resistant crop varieties, and policy reforms to address food security. This research provides critical insights for sustainable agricultural planning in Central Asia’s arid zones under evolving climatic stresses.
The Role of Biological Approaches in Addressing Contemporary Environmental Challenges
Section: Articles Keywords: climate change, sustainable development, bioengineering, environmental biotechnology, biodiversity, environmental restoration This article explores the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century and highlights the pivotal role of biology in addressing them. Topics such as air and water pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change are examined. Particular attention is given to biological approaches including bioremediation, genetic engineering, ecological monitoring, and bioindication. The study underscores the importance of sustainable practices and international cooperation in environmental protection. Biological sciences offer innovative solutions for ecosystem restoration and pollution mitigation, making them essential for achieving long-term environmental sustainability.
Increasing Public Awareness and Knowledge of Ecology in Uzbekistan
Section: Articles Keywords: ecological awareness, environmental education, public engagement, sustainability, Uzbekistan, green initiatives, environmental protection Environmental issues have become one of the most pressing global challenges, and Uzbekistan is no exception. Raising public awareness and ecological knowledge is essential to ensuring environmental sustainability. This article explores the significance of ecological awareness, existing challenges, and potential solutions to enhance public understanding of environmental protection. Key issues include the lack of comprehensive ecological education, insufficient public engagement, and limited media coverage of environmental matters. The paper also proposes solutions such as strengthening ecological education in schools and universities, increasing awareness campaigns through mass media and social networks, and promoting community-driven environmental initiatives. By implementing these measures, Uzbekistan can foster a more environmentally conscious society and contribute to global sustainability efforts.
Application and Significance of Botanics and Subject Integration in Higher Education (on the Example of Root Morphological Structure, Types, and Functions)
Section: Articles Keywords: education, integration, pedagogy, botany, integrated lesson, integrated tasks, pressure, concentration, dissolution, water absorption, text, foreign language This article provides information about the application of integration in the education system, pedagogical integration, its role, and significance. It highlights the role and practical importance of using an integrated approach in teaching the topic of the morphological structure, types, and functions of roots in botany. The article discusses the benefits of applying integrated methods and integrated tasks in explaining the topic.
The Role of National Legislation Aimed at Ensuring Environmental Safety in Developing Students' Environmental Competence in Uzbekistan
Section: Articles Keywords: national environmental legislation, environmental education, environmental safety, educational programs, higher education, environmental competence, training of environmental specialists, pedagogical innovations, educational reforms This article examines the role of the educational system in studying national legislation for environmental safety and nature protection in Uzbekistan’s pedagogical higher education institutions. It explores the development of textbooks, teaching aids, and programs for advancing environmental education and their integration into the curriculum. The effectiveness of ongoing reforms in environmental education, the role of professors, and recommendations for improving the training of environmental specialists are discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of environmental education in developing students’ competence and the need to enhance the educational process in line with national legislation.
Geochemistry of Macroelements in Irrigated Arzyk-Shokh Hydromorphic Soils
Section: Articles Keywords: irrigated meadow saz soils, water-soluble salts, shokh-arzyk horizon, soil salinity, geochemical differentiation, ion migration This study examines the chemical composition and geochemical behavior of water-soluble salts in irrigated meadow saz soils, focusing on the impact of cemented shokh-arzyk horizons on salt migration and accumulation. Physicochemical analysis of soil samples from different genetic horizons revealed that the cemented layer significantly affects ion mobility, leading to variations in salt distribution. The findings highlight the role of shokh-arzyk horizons in soil salinity dynamics and provide insights for improving soil fertility management in saline-affected regions.
Geochemistry of Cyclic Elements in the Irrigated Soils of Southern Fergana
Section: Articles Keywords: concentration clarke, genesis, chemical elements, cyclic elements, iron, calcium, migration, barrier, gray soil This study investigates the distribution and concentration of cyclic elements in irrigated typical gray soils formed in the Shahimardonsoy alluvial fan of Southern Fergana. Field research and geochemical analysis were conducted using morphogenetic and comparative-geographical methods, along with systematic pedogeochemical approaches. The findings reveal a twofold increase in iron content within the geochemical carbonate-illuvial barrier, which also acts as an accumulation zone for other macroelements such as K, Na, Cr, and Sr, as well as cyclic microelements including Mn, Co, and Hf. These results indicate that irrigation significantly influences the migration and redistribution of elements in soil profiles, impacting soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
Genesis and Migration of Salts in Irrigated Meadow Sazovs Soils
Section: Articles Keywords: sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, chloride, meadow sazovs soil The study focuses on the Central Fergana region, which is characterized by an arid climate and low natural drainage capacity. It has been observed that even the salts accumulating at a slow rate in such soils eventually reach significant concentrations. In irrigated lands, an additional 1–1.5 g of salts per liter of irrigation water is continuously introduced, leading to an increased accumulation of soluble salts both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, it has been noted that mineralized groundwater located close to the surface also contributes to this process.
Change in the Content of Mobile Microelements in Typical Sierozems Under the Influence of the Cement Industry
Section: Articles Keywords: typical sierozem, biomicroelement, cement, pollution, province, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iron In this article, the problem of environmental pollution under the influence of the cement industry is discussed. It is proven that in irrigated typical sierozems, the amount of mobile forms of biomicroelements increases with proximity to cement production areas. It is also determined that under the influence of a cement plant, at a distance of 100 m, a geochemical province is formed that is saturated with cobalt while being deficient in zinc and manganese.
Copyright (c) 2025 J Open https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0